1、面向對象的工廠方法
function createPerson(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();
o.name = name;
o.age = age;
o.job = job;
o.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
return o;
}
var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = createPerson("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
工廠模型的方法的缺點是會產生大量重復代碼!
2、構造函數模式創建對象
function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
}
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //false
使用new關鍵字創建對象會經歷以下四個過程
3、將構造函數當函數用
function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
}
var person = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
person.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor"); //adds to window
window.sayName(); //"Greg"
var o = new Object();
Person.call(o, "Kristen", 25, "Nurse");
o.sayName(); //"Kristen"
構造函數當做函數使用就和普通的函數沒有任何不同,它屬於window對象下面添加的方法而已。由於構造函數創建的對象實際上是創建一個新對象,因此在本質上兩者還是不一樣的,還是分離的,他們的方法還是不一樣的!
4、將共有的方法方法全局解決不一致的問題
function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = sayName;
}
function sayName(){
alert(this.name);
}
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"
alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true
雖然上面的方法解決了一致的問題,但是定義的全局的方法本身屬於window,那麼局部和全局就沒有分開!所以這個方法使用的並不多見!也不建議使用。
5、原型模式
我們創建的任何的一個函數都有一個原型對象,這個屬性是一個指針,它指向一個對象,而這個對象的作用是可以有特定的類型的所有的實例共享的方法!
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
var person2 = new Person();
person2.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true
alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true
//only works if Object.getPrototypeOf() is available
if (Object.getPrototypeOf){
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //"Nicholas"
}
理解原型
無論什麼時候只要是創建了一個函數,就會創建一個原型屬性,這個屬性指向函數的原型對象。在默認的情況下,原型對象都會包含一個constructor(構造函數屬性),這個屬性包含一個指向prototype屬性所在函數的指針!
屬性讀取的順序
每當代碼讀取某個對象的屬性時候,都會執行一次搜索,目標是具有給定名字的屬性,搜索從對象的實例本身開始查找,如有則返回,沒有則繼續搜索該對象的原型鏈,直至搜索到原型鏈的最外層!
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" 來自實例
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" 來自原型
如果刪除了這個元素的實例屬性
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype
delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype
6、hasOwnProperty方法
這個方法可以檢測一個屬性是否存在於實例中,還是存在於原型中!hasOwnProperty是從Object繼承來的,只要給定屬性存在於對象實例中,才會返回true.
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true
person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true
alert("name" in person1); //true
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype
alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person2); //true
delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true
7、Object.keys() 可枚舉屬性方法
這個方法接收一個對象作為參數,返回一個包含所有可枚舉屬性的字符串數組
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"name,age,job,sayName"
如果想得到所有實例的屬性,無論它是否可以枚舉都可以使用這個方法來獲取
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"constructor,name,age,job,sayName"
此方法高版本浏覽器才支持
8、簡單的原型寫法
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job: "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};
var friend = new Person();
alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false
alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true
重寫了原型就等於將默認的原型方法覆蓋,那麼同樣的構造方法也會被重寫,重寫的構造方法指向了Object對象!而不是原來的對象Person
如果還是想指向之前的構造方法,可以顯示的指定
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
constructor : Person,
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job: "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};
var friend = new Person();
alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Object); //false
9、原型方法的動態添加
function Person(){
}
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job : "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};
var friend = new Person();
Person.prototype.sayHi = function(){
alert("hi");
};
friend.sayHi(); //"hi" ?works!
10、原生對象的原型方法
alert(typeof Array.prototype.sort); //"function"
alert(typeof String.prototype.substring); //"function"
String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {//修改原生對象的原型方法
return this.indexOf(text) == 0;
};
var msg = "Hello world!";
alert(msg.startsWith("Hello")); //true
11、組合使用構造函數和原型模式創建對象
//構造函數模式
function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.friends = ["Shelby", "Court"];
}
//原型模式
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};
var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
person1.friends.push("Van");
alert(person1.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van"
alert(person2.friends); //"Shelby,Court"
alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true
12、動態原型模式
function Person(name, age, job){
//properties
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
//methods
if (typeof this.sayName != "function"){
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
}
}
var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName();
13、寄生構造函數模式
function Person(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();//依賴全局對象初始化一個對象,然後再返回這個對象
o.name = name;
o.age = age;
o.job = job;
o.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
return o;
}
var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
function SpecialArray(){
//create the array
var values = new Array();
//add the values
values.push.apply(values, arguments);
//assign the method
values.toPipedString = function(){
return this.join("|");
};
//return it
return values;
}
var colors = new SpecialArray("red", "blue", "green");
alert(colors.toPipedString()); //"red|blue|green"
alert(colors instanceof SpecialArray);
上訴方法有一點說明下,由於它是依賴外層對象來創建一個新對象,因此不能依賴 instanceof方法來確定屬性和方法的來源!它實際上和構造函數的沒有關系!
14、穩妥構造函數模式
function Person(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();
o.sayName = function(){
alert(name);
};
return o;
}
var friend = Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
此方法不依賴任何new this 關鍵符!如果要訪問對象的方法和屬性,只能通過對象已經定義好的方法來獲取!
15、繼承
javascript實現繼承是通過原型鏈來實現的
function SuperType(){
this.property = true;//定義一個屬性
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){//定義的原型方法
return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}
//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
return this.subproperty;
};
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //true
alert(instance instanceof Object); //true
alert(instance instanceof SuperType); //true
alert(instance instanceof SubType); //true
alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
SubType繼承SuperType的方法和屬性,因此當instance可以直接調用SuperType的方法!
function SuperType(){
this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}
//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
//new method
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
return this.subproperty;
};
//override existing method
SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
return false;
};
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //false
上面的例子說明,重寫的原型會覆蓋之前繼承的原型,最後返回的往往不是預期的效果
function SuperType(){
this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
return this.property;
};
function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}
//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
//使用字面量添加的方法導致上面的方法失效了
SubType.prototype = {
getSubValue : function (){
return this.subproperty;
},
someOtherMethod : function (){
return false;
}
};
var instance = new SubType();
console.log(instance);
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error!
下面的例子也說明重寫原型帶來的風險
function SuperType(){
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
function SubType(){
}
//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
原型共享導致兩個不同的對象調用的同一個數據
16、借用構造函數來實現繼承
function SuperType(){
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
function SubType(){
//inherit from SuperType
SuperType.call(this);
}
var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
傳遞參數
function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
}
function SubType(){
//inherit from SuperType passing in an argument
SuperType.call(this, "Nicholas");
//instance property
this.age = 29;
}
var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.name); //"Nicholas";
alert(instance.age); //29
17、組合繼承方式
function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
function SubType(name, age){
SuperType.call(this, name);
this.age = age;
}
18、原型繼承
function object(o){
function F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
}
var person = {
name: "Nicholas",
friends: ["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};
var anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");
19、寄生組合式繼承
function object(o){
function F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
}
function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //create object
prototype.constructor = subType; //augment object
subType.prototype = prototype; //assign object
}
function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}
SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
function SubType(name, age){
SuperType.call(this, name);
this.age = age;
}
inheritPrototype(SubType, SuperType);
SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
alert(this.age);
};
var instance1 = new SubType("Nicholas", 29);
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
instance1.sayName(); //"Nicholas";
instance1.sayAge(); //29
var instance2 = new SubType("Greg", 27);
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
instance2.sayName(); //"Greg";
instance2.sayAge(); //27
以上就是今天的javascript學習小結,之後每天還會繼續更新,希望大家繼續關注。